The underlying mechanisms have not been fully delineated but are likely to involve modulation of the brain dopamine reward system via GLP-1 receptors, which are present both in the ventral tegmental areas (VTA), where dopamine neurons are located, and in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), which is the main projection of VTA dopamine neurons 14
Though this peptide structurally resembles GLP-1, and is encoded by proglucagon, crucially, it is resistant to DPP-4 mediated breakdown ( Figure 2 )
In contrast, exenatide, dulaglutide, liraglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide were associated with 12, 22, 16, 20, and 11 signals, respectively
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Cell Tissue Res 324:189202 Frade J, Pope S, Schmidt M, Dringen R, Barbosa R, Pocock J et al (2008) Glutamate induces release of glutathione from cultured rat astrocytesa possible neuroprotective mechanism
Lyophilization Freeze-drying process that removes water from a peptide solution under vacuum, producing a stable powder with extended shelf life at 20C
