Propranolol is generally safe but requires medical supervision, especially for those with asthma
Larger, multiple-arm prospective RCTs including monotherapies with PIO, SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1R agonists vs
Circuit training, which involves moving from one exercise to the next with minimal rest, can be a time-efficient option that also elevates heart rate
Gut side effects are the main event: gastrointestinal adverse events affected 47% to 84% of people on the drug versus 13% to 63% on placebo , while serious events stayed rare (Moiz and colleagues, systematic review, Annals of Internal Medicine , 2025)
Neurobiological considerations : GLP-1 receptors are expressed in brain regions including the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortexareas involved in mood regulation, memory, and decision-making
Efficiency is key to faster patient access