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Such models are used to evaluate receptor activation patterns, biomarker expression, and signaling feedback mechanisms under controlled laboratory conditions, with emphasis on reproducibility and mechanistic interpretation rather than applied outcomes
Some of these papers have not been formally retracted
, Board-Certified Emergency Medicine Physician and Co-Founder, Amanecia Health Last reviewed June 18, 2026 by Lauren Leavitt, M.D., Board-Certified Emergency Medicine Physician, Amanecia Health