Incretin based therapies such as GLP-1 receptor agonists have revolutionised management of type 2 diabetes by enhancing insulin secretion, slowing gastric emptying and reducing appetite (Dungan & DeSantis, 2025)
For example, during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, butyrate modulates the maturation and effector functions of neutrophils, thereby influencing their recruitment and bactericidal capacity in the lungs and exerting complex regulation of the immune response ( Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia and Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia via nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2 (NOD2) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling pathways ( Eggerthella lenta , impairs neutrophil function
While significant evidence connects TMAO to kidney disease, the exact mechanisms of how it causes kidney injury remain unclear
The FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) recently approved semaglutide as a prescription weight loss aid
Published on March 2nd, 2026
These side effects of Ozempic are typically worse when you first start treatment and after a dosage increase
