It might not always mean increasing the dose
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the injectable route increases the risks (dosage errors, infections, local reactions)
Take-home: T1D therapy may be entering a new era one that prioritizes weight, insulin needs, and quality of glycaemic control, not just HbA1c
Summary of preclinical works Pretreatment with nicotinamide mononucleotide, an NAD precursor derived from niacin, in rats exposed to HS results in a decrease in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and venous lactates, and in the preservation of mitochondrial respiration assessed by high-resolution respirometry
Finally, several reviews [147, 153] have synthesized this body of work, emphasizing how mitochondrial damage and mtDNA release create a vicious cycle: oxidative stress damages mtDNA, increasing its release, which then sustains inflammation and exacerbates amyloid and tau pathology