Nutritional Deficiencies The mechanism that makes GLP-1 medications effective, slowing digestion and reducing food intake, can also lead to significant nutritional gaps: Many patients consume fewer calories, making it difficult to obtain adequate nutrients Altered digestive processes may reduce the efficiency of nutrient absorption Key nutrients at risk include calcium, vitamin D, B vitamins, iron, and protein 4
Hirata and colleagues demonstrated that exendin-4 attenuated high-salt load induced hypertension, prevented angiotensin II induced hypertension and inhibited angiotensin II-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 [128]
Older patients and those experiencing hormonal transitions may need longer treatment courses or ongoing maintenance therapy because their underlying metabolic environment is less forgiving of medication withdrawal
More recently, sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors have demonstrated to offer cardiovascular and renal protection, but the residual risk remains high and their antihyperglycemic efficacy is limited in moderate-severe CKD
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Sterile Saline (0.9% NaCl): A neutral medium that mimics physiological conditions
