Therefore, in states of chronic under-nutrition, hepatic GH resistance is an adaptive response, as high GH levels are necessary to maintain euglycemia, while low IGF-I levels conserves energy during periods of nutritional deprivation
Gst, glutathione S-transferase
Median direct R&D cost: $150 million (median: the value that falls exactly in the middle when all values in a dataset are arranged from smallest to largest) Average direct R&D cost: $369 million After adjustments (for opportunity costs and drugs that did not reach the market): Median: $708 million, Average: $1.3 billion When only two extremely costly drugs are excluded, the average cost drops to $950 million (26% lower)
Huang HH, Wang YJ, Jiang HY, et al
Science 279, 13681370
Al-Massadi O, Fern J, Diguez C, Nogueiras R, Quiones M