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In clinical and cosmetic literature, this distinction matters because a topical serum, wound gel, liposomal formula, and injectable preparation may have very different safety and absorption profiles
A., Abell, T
In vitro and animal studies have found that lipoic acid exhibits immunomodulatory properties through mechanisms that stimulate the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) (90, 91) a central regulator of innate immune functions and inhibits the migration of immune cells into the brain and spinal cord (92), possibly by decreasing endothelial expression of cell adhesion molecules, inhibiting expression of enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and/or reducing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (87, 89, 93, 94)
However, Unic et al
Int J Mol Sci 13(7):83798387 Ke M et al (2012) The effect of astragalin on the VEGF production of cultured Mller cells under high glucose conditions
