Exos are a subtype of EVs, which are cell-derived structures enclosed by lipid bilayer membranes [50]
McLean, E., de Benoist, B
Differential regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase by 4-hydroxynonenal in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes through ATF-2/CREB-1 transactivation and concomitant inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling cascade
Tyrosinase and cytochrome c oxidase require copper as well.The detrimental effects of free radicals on the skin have been elucidated in basic science research into skin photoaging
Thus, it can be hypothesized that the ability of DSIP to maintain efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, even in the setting of hypoxia, could make the peptide a subject of interest for conditions such as stroke and heart attack in future research
Researchers interested in advancing this work must first establish pharmacokinetics in human subjects before any efficacy claims can be made