Topically, glutathione works on two levels: it neutralizes free radicals that trigger oxidative stress-induced pigmentation, and it shifts the skin's melanin production pathway from dark eumelanin toward lighter phaeomelanin
The discoloration is usually gray or white
Studies have shown GHK-Cu modulates over 4,000 human genes with roughly half moving toward patterns seen in younger, healthier tissue and stimulates collagen production by up to 70% in fibroblast cultures
Haematococcus Pluvialis is a type of microalgae renowned for its high concentration of astaxanthin, one of the most potent antioxidants known
PLoS One (2012) 7(2):e31610.10.1371/journal.pone.0031610 72 SadeghiONasiriMMaghsoudiZPahlavaniNRezaieMAskariG
This difference in molecular weight impacts their penetration ability in the skin, with glycolic acid being smaller and able to penetrate deeper and more quickly, while mandelic acid, being larger, is more gentle and works at the skins surface