Abbreviations 2-DG: 2-Deoxy-d-glucose -KG: -Ketoglutarate Akt: Serine/threonine protein kinase bFLS: Bovine fibroblast-like synoviocyte BW: Body weight CCL-2: Chemokine (CC motif) ligand 2 COX-2: Cyclooxygenase 2 CXCL-10: CXC motif chemokine ligand 10 DCA: Dichloroacetate DExSI: Data Extraction for Stable Isotope-labeled metabolites DMEM/F12: Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium/Nutrient Mixture F12 DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide DTT: Dithiothreitol EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EGTA: Ethylene glycol-bis(-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid FAMEs: Fatty acid methyl esters FBS: Fetal bovine serum GC/MS: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry GLUT1: Glucose transporter 1 HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 HK2: Hexokinase-2 HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography IL-6: Interleukin-6 IL-8: Interleukin-8 iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase LDHA: Lactate dehydrogenase subunit A LPS: Lipopolysaccharide MIDs: Mass isotopologue distributions MSTFA: N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide NF-B: Nuclear factor-kappa B NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation PBS: Phosphate buffer solution PDK1: Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 PFKFB: Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase PGE2: Prostaglandin E2 PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases PMSF: Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride pNPP: P-nitrophenyl phosphate RA: Rheumatoid arthritis RA-FLS: Rheumatoid Arthritis-Fibroblast-like synoviocyte RI: Retention index RPS9: 40S ribosomal protein S9 SDS-PAGE: Sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis TBS/T: Tris-buffered saline with Tween TCA: Tricarboxylic acid TMB: Tetramethylbenzidine TMCS: Trimethylchlorosilane TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha References Desrochers, A
Data were analyzed with GraphPad Prism (version 9.5.1) and are presented as the mean s.d
GLP-1s dramatically reduce appetite and increase satiety
Specific [3H]phencyclidine binding in rat central nervous system
Changes in the level of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secreted from the gut after bariatric surgery are one of the underlying mechanisms for successful initial weight loss
Following the overview of recent trends and general strategies for oral peptide delivery (including the summary presented in Table 2), we proceed to a more detailed discussion of specific studies and experimental formulations
