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The following table describes GLP-1 receptor agonists, their dosing frequency and key pharmacokinetic parameters: Cautions and Contraindications Adverse Effects Acute pancreatitis (rare) Injection site reactions Gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea dehydration and possible renal impairment) Increase in pancreatic enzymes: lipase and amylase (dulaglutide, tirzepatide and semaglutide) Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis Delayed gastric emptying (semaglutide, exenatide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide (diminishes over time)) Increased heart rate Diabetic retinopathy complications (semaglutide, particularly in insulin-treated patients with known diabetic retinopathy) Interactions GLP-1 receptor agonists do not interact via cytochrome P450 , but delayed gastric emptying may alter drug absorption
Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial
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Another trial found that semaglutide users experienced better HbA1c control and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease
Bacteriostatic water typically has a pH around 5.0 to 7.0, which falls within an acceptable range for most peptides
