Unlike GSH, for which only the reduced form is an antioxidant, both the oxidized and reduced forms of LA are powerful antioxidants whose functions include: (1) quenching of reactive oxygen species (ROS), (2) regeneration of exogenous and endogenous antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, and GSH, (3) chelation of metal ions, and (4) reparation of oxidized proteins (5) regulation of gene transcription (6) inhibition of the activation of nuclear factor kapp B (NF-B
These include vitamins (C, E, and -carotene), some metallo-enzymes including glutathione peroxidase (GPx, containing selenium), catalase (CAT, containing iron), superoxide dismutase (SOD, containing copper, manganese and zinc)
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Pregnancy and breastfeeding should avoid GHK-Cu due to lack of safety data for these populations
Because vitamin B-12 contributes to many biological systems, it remains an important focus of nutritional research
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