DMF induces the expression of L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH) to downregulate L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L2HG) and increase global and locus-specific DNA hydroxymethylation levels
However, subcutaneous injection remains the most reliable administration route for consistent dosing
Its pharmacokinetic profile reveals metabolic transformations, leading to reduced bioavailability and diminished therapeutic potential due to rapid metabolism and conjugation processes in the intestinal epithelium and liver [95]
doi: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2437253 99 RastgooSShimiGShirasebFKarbasiAAshtary-LarkyDYousefiMet al
Possible but harder than arms or delts
The skin-specific mechanisms of GHK-Cu include stimulation of Type I and Type III procollagen synthesis, increased production of dermatan sulfate and other glycosaminoglycans, activation of the enzyme lysyl oxidase (which cross-links newly formed collagen), reduction of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1, collagenase) activity, and anti-inflammatory suppression of TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 secretion