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(1) Prevention from DPP-4 degradation

Symptoms include sharp abdominal pain, pain near the shoulder blades, jaundice, dark urine, clay-colored stool, and gastrointestinal discomfort such as nausea, bloating, and vomiting

Each pathway contributes something distinct: GLP-1 reduces appetite and slows gastric emptying, GIP enhances insulin secretion and energy partitioning, and glucagon receptor activation increases energy expenditure and fat oxidation

[3] [4] Semaglutide carries a warning about diabetic retinopathy complications, and all agents can cause hypoglycemia when used with insulin or sulfonylureas

Tirzepatide is administered once a week via a subcutaneous injection

For benchwork, semaglutide is the reference agonist when you want to study GLP-1 receptor pharmacology in isolation