The few dollars you save on discount water could cost you hundreds in wasted peptides or compromised research
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If you have symptoms like persistent fatigue or tingling in your hands or feet, a professional assessment is the most important next step
Many generic bacteriostatic water products are manufactured to meet the same United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standards as Hospira
Groups at higher risk of deficiency include older adults (due to reduced stomach acid production), people following vegan or strict vegetarian diets (as B12 is naturally found almost exclusively in animal products), individuals with pernicious anaemia or other malabsorption conditions, those taking certain medications such as metformin or proton pump inhibitors long-term, and people with significant nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), which can inactivate B12 in the body
However, clinical studies on high-dose B12 supplementation have produced suboptimal results [11, 27, 28]