The FDA first approved synthetic HGH in 1985 for growth hormone deficiency in children
It showed good differentiation vs insulin, DPP-4 (oral products from Merck&Co) or the first-generation GLP-1
Relative contraindications requiring caution include active or suspected cancer (GHK-Cu promotes angiogenesis with concern about theoretically feeding tumors, though conflicting data shows documented anti-cancer gene expression effects requiring medical supervision), severe organ dysfunction (kidney or liver failure may slow peptide clearance), hemochromatosis or copper overload conditions, autoimmune disorders, and patients on immunosuppressants or blood thinners
SEEM: selective estrogen enzyme modulator
This lowers resistance and supports long-term adherence
Evidence suggests that patients with CKD are prone to increased incidence of ischemic strokes, with cognitive dysfunction, dementia, transient infarcts, and white matter lesions widespread in mild to moderate CKD patients (Chelluboina and Vemuganti, 2019)
