Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs when your body doesn't have enough of this essential nutrient to function properly
The human evidence is more limited and more mixed
Abbreviations Fe: Ferrum g: Gram GFR: Glomerular filtration rate GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase GOT: Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase GP: General practitioner GPT: Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus HVB: Hepatitis B virus HVC: Hepatitis C virus IF: Intrinsic factor g: Microgram MMA: Methylmalonic acid mg: Milligrams ng: Nanograms pg: Picograms
Several factors can impair B12 absorption: Reduced stomach acid production (achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria), common in older adults and those taking proton pump inhibitors or H2-receptor antagonists long-term, impairs the release of B12 from food proteins Pernicious anaemia , an autoimmune condition destroying parietal cells and reducing intrinsic factor production, completely blocks the primary absorption pathway Gastrointestinal disorders including Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or surgical removal of stomach or ileum sections directly damage absorption sites Metformin , commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes, may reduce B12 absorption through unclear mechanisms
By eliminating toxins from the body, it reduces the risk of skin issues such as acne and breakouts, promoting a clearer complexion
If you miss a scheduled injection or skip doses, the medication remains usable until the 28-day mark passes, provided storage conditions remain correct
