Cytotoxicity profiling in vitro shows a dose-dependent pattern: cell viability holds within research-relevant concentration ranges but declines meaningfully above approximately 1 mM in culture, a threshold well outside the concentration windows described as biologically productive in the wound healing and gene expression literature
In an in vitro co-culture model, astrocyte-derived transforming growth factor-1 upregulated the expression of the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 in brain microvascular endothelial cells and reinforced endothelial barrier function through non-canonical hedgehog signaling [90]
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[140] Schwarzenegger ran for re-election against Democrat Phil Angelides, the California State Treasurer, in the 2006 elections, held on November 7, 2006