1.2 Biochemical mechanisms of TMA production Most of the TMA is synthesized in the intestine (colon) by the action of some anaerobic commensal gut bacteria containing choline- (or carnitine-) TMA lyase, an enzyme consisting of two units: a catalytic unit (CutC) and its activating enzyme (CutD) ( etc .), betaine, and L-carnitine and its metabolite -butyrobetaine (GBB), releasing TMA after the cleavage of the carbon (C)nitrogen (N) bond of choline/carnitine (Zhu et al., 2014)
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Mice treated with indole presented elevated levels of synaptic markers, such as postsynaptic density protein 95 and synaptophysin, indicating that indole enhances synaptogenesis