Figure 3 below summarizes these processes, highlighting the interplay between bacterial infection, immune mediators (e.g., TNF-, IL-6, transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-], IL-10), and cellular actors (e.g., neutrophils, M1/M2 macrophages, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells) during wound healing [43, 48]
The plasma half-life of these peptide hormones is significantly limited by processing via the extracellular enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4)
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Zhan C-G, Nichols JA, Dixon DA (2003) Ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity, hardness, and electron excitation energy: molecular properties from density functional theory orbital energies
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