However, the absence of large-scale human safety data means that a comprehensive adverse effect profile has not been fully established
As B12 is a water-soluble vitamin, it's generally considered safe (because any not used will be excreted via your urine), but even so you shouldn't take more than the recommended doses unless recommended to do so by your GP, as some studies have shown possible negative impacts of overdoing it
Kumar R, Akbarinejad A, Jasemizad T, Fucina R, Travas-Sejdic J, Padhye LP (2021) The removal of metformin and other selected PPCPs from water by poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) photocatalyst
Essentially, your kidneys have to work harder, and in people who already have kidney issues, this extra work might speed up kidney function decline
The first step of tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway is mediated by the enzymes tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) to produce kynurenine
Selank and DSIP target the stress and sleep pathways driving nocturnal bruxism