* Each patient is unique and individual results may vary

Etiology Hard stool Explosive diarrhea Anal receptive intercourse Anal trauma Surgical instrumentation Pathogenesis Multiple proposed mechanisms Most anal fissures occur at posterior midline Area of greatest stress Relative ischemia of the area History Symptoms are often cyclical Sharp anal pain with defecation, passing pieces of glass/razor blades Anal pain followed by throbbing and anal spasm Anal bleeding Acute fissure Present 6 8 weeks Pain with defecation is less severe than with acute fissure Physical Exam Visual inspection of anus reveals fissure linear separation of anoderm If fissure is not visible, gentle pressure with cotton tip on posterior and anterior aspect of the anal canal can reproduce the exam Exam under anesthesia if diagnosis is unclear Acute fissure: longitudinal line Chronic fissure: exposed internal sphincter fibers at the base, hypertrophied anal papilla proximally, and skin tag or sentinel pile (i.e., thickened mucosa/skin at the distal end of an anal fissure often confused with a small hemorrhoid) distally Atypical fissures Occur anywhere in anal canal Tend to be associated with other conditions (e.g., malignancy, Crohn disease, HIV, syphilis, tuberculosis) Treatment Treatment goals Address etiology (e.g., constipation, anal trauma cause) Relax and dilate internal anal sphincter to improve blood flow and for allow healing Address pain and bleeding symptoms Medical management Majority of acute anal fissures resolve with medical management

Co-formulation with SNAC is required for absorption, as the absorption of other drugs administered concomitantly to (but not co-formulated with) SNAC are not affected in any clinically relevant manner
The biggest risk factors include: Baseline MAFLD diagnosis (aHR 2.11) BMI between 30-34 compared to BMI 40+ (aHR 1.93) Pre-existing GERD (aHR 1.80) Female gender (aHR 1.56) [4] Different GLP-1 medications show varying risk levels
They are considered to have less risk than some of the most performed surgeries in the United States, such as gallbladder surgery and even knee replacement
The conjugated linoleic acid has a broad health promoting effect