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Spironolactone Class * Potassium-sparing diuretic * Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) receptor antagonist Mechanism of Action Spironolactone blocks aldosterone receptors in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, resulting in: * Increased sodium and water excretion * Reduced potassium excretion (potassium retention) * Reduced cardiac and vascular remodeling in heart failure Indications * Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) * Resistant hypertension * Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome) * Ascites due to liver cirrhosis * Edema associated with heart failure or nephrotic syndrome * Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) for hirsutism * Prevention of hypokalemia Dosage Adults * Heart failure: 12.525 mg once daily, titrated as needed * Ascites: 100400 mg daily * Hypertension: 25100 mg daily Adverse Effects Common * Hyperkalemia * Nausea * Dizziness * Fatigue Endocrine Effects * Gynecomastia * Breast tenderness * Erectile dysfunction * Decreased libido * Menstrual irregularities Contraindications * Hyperkalemia * Severe renal impairment * Addison disease * Hypersensitivity to spironolactone Drug Interactions * ACE inhibitors * ARBs * Potassium supplements * Other potassium-sparing diuretics These combinations increase the risk of hyperkalemia

The most commonly reported are mild fatigue or lightheadedness shortly after injection, which typically resolve quickly

Japan, India and the US topped the rankings as key hubs for pharma and biotech employers in Asia-Pacific

A knockdown study and a small-molecule mouse study are exactly the steps that should precede a human trial, and they are the reason a compound gets taken seriously enough to be studied further

Hormonal Interactions : BPC-157 interacts with growth hormone receptors, raising concerns about potential hormonal disruption with prolonged use

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