GLP-1 is a target for treatment of diabetes because of the primary peripheral functions of inducing insulin secretion from pancreatic cells, gut emptying and inhibiting glucagon secretion which results in lower blood glucose levels ( GLP-1 can also be produced by neurons in central nervous system (CNS) ( Pathogenesis of AD Amyloid plaque Amyloid beta (A) is a peptide with a molecular weight of 4 KDa and a length of 40-42 amino acids ( 2+ channels and AMPA (-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors, to which the neurotransmitter glutamate binds, so A is the most neurotoxic form ( Neurofibrillary tangles Tau is a microtubule-associated protein and mainly found in the axonal compartment ( Synaptic dysfunction and neurotransmitter imbalance It has been well established that cholinergic transmission is essential for memory, learning, attention, and other higher brain functions, so cholinergic deficits play a key role in the neuropathology of AD ( Neuroinflammation Neuroinflammation, microglia activation in response to amyloid deposition, plays a central role in the pathogenesis of AD ( Insulin resistance For the past few years, AD has also been considered as type 3 diabetes because of insulin resistance (IR) and dysregulation of insulin signaling in the brain ( is mainly transported across the BBB
[9] Alternative treatments should be considered in such cases
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*Reduction in A1C is dependent upon a number of factors, such as baseline A1C and background therapy
During low to moderate exercise, L-carnitine supplementation was shown to save the muscles glycogen and instead stimulate fatty acid oxidation leading to higher energy production and loss of body weight 2
