In summary, in vivo studies have shown that the anti-fibrosis properties of caffeine converge with a reduction in HSC activation and proliferation (Amer et al., 2017)
The result is a self-perpetuating cycle: contraction leads to ischemia, which leads to energy crisis, which prevents the muscle from relaxing
In the UK, look for products with appropriate quality assurance, though note that food supplements are not subject to the same rigorous testing as licensed medicines
Knorr, Marianne Lerbk Bergmann, Jens Juul Holst, Bolette Hartmann, George F
The mixture was shaken at 40 rpm at room temperature for 30 min
These are estimates based on bioavailability ranges and prescribing patterns, not exact pharmacokinetic studies on sublingual formulations specifically