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Several studies have suggested that brain injuries have many complex interacting mechanisms, often involving autonomic dysregulation and changes in vascular flow dynamics in addition to possible neural and axonal damage

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Binding/competition metrics in receptor systems (e.g., IC50/Ki where applicable) Second-messenger readouts (assay-dependent) Pathway readouts (e.g., phosphorylation markers) in controlled cell models (assay-dependent) Receptor trafficking/internalization (imaging or tagged-receptor assays) Stability/integrity profiling (e.g., HPLC profiles

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Prenatal infection leads to ASD-like behavior and altered synaptic pruning in the mouse offspring