Also, given the observational nature of the study, we could expect the presence of indication bias, a type of confounding bias that occurs when a symptom or sign of disease is judged as an indication for a given therapy, and is therefore associated both with the use of a drug and with a higher probability of an outcome related to the disease for which the agent is indicated [37]
Brain Res 1634:158170 Badawi GA, Abd El Fattah MA, Zaki HF, El Sayed MI (2017) Sitagliptin and liraglutide reversed nigrostriatal degeneration of rodent brain in rotenone-induced Parkinsons disease
Drucker DJ, Buse JB, Taylor K, et al
Key Takeaways 1
GI adverse effects are more common in individuals with end-stage renal disease using GLP-1RAs (113), as is hypoglycemia in those using concomitant insulin (114)
GLP-1 increases insulin release, decreases glucagon, slows stomach emptying, and enhances satiety to control blood sugar