10.3892/mmr.2019.10161 142 TianE.SharmaG.DaiC
Taking oral contraceptives
OCA)], inhibitors of de novo lipogenesis (aramchol, ACC inhibitor), and fibroblast growth factor-21 analogues
This is due to the buildup of bilirubin , a yellow waste pigment from the normal breakdown of old red blood cells that is usually removed from the blood by the liver Bruising or excessive bleeding from loss of coagulation (clotting) protein production Melena , or dark stools resulting from digested blood in feces, and coffee ground emesis , which is vomiting of digested blood, may result from a combination of coagulopathy and disordered gastrointestinal hemodynamics proceeding from portal hypertension Pale or clay-colored stools that result from lack of bile secretion Altered mental state , including confusion, personality change, slowed or slurred speech, memory loss, trouble concentrating, and changes in sleep habits can result from hepatic encephalopathy Asterixis (flapping tremors), intermittent involuntary muscle contractions, usually of the wrists and hips, can also be caused by hepatic encephalopathy Lower extremity swelling/peripheral edema due to low albumin in the blood leading to abnormal fluid collection in tissues Recurrent infections due to immune dysfunction Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) from hepatopulmonary syndrome Hypogonadism , a syndrome of low testosterone and libido, impotence, and shrinkage of the testes, may also cause gynecomastia (male breast enlargement) Bone loss or fracture from metabolic bone disease Testing Several tests, both non-invasive and invasive, can aid in confirming a diagnosis of cirrhosis (Kim 2014)
M., Gu, X
Muscle cachexia: current concepts of intracellular mechanisms and molecular regulation
