This side effect necessitates additional clinical monitoring and potential supplementation, adding complexity to long-term metformin therapy
If you cannot see or control the site well, choose the abdomen or thigh instead, or ask your clinician how to inject safely
Related article: GLP-1 Injection Site Reactions: What Are They, How to Avoid Them, and How to Keep Your Skin Healthy
A new paradigm for treating to target with second-generation obesity medications
Pinch the skin and insert the needle at a 45-90 degree angle depending on body composition
Succinate Modulation of Immune Functions As discussed in detail in the Metabolic Alterations Associated with Cancer page, and briefly above, increased levels of succinate in the cytosol result in the inhibition of the PHD enzymes that hydroxylate, and thereby destabilize, the HIF-1 subunit of the HIF-1 transcription factor complex