Metabolites of protein fermentation, such as choline, phosphatidylcholine, and carnitine, are metabolized by the gut microbiota into trimethylamine, which is further converted into trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in the liver by hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) (Tong et al., 2022)
This ethics committee must approve the clinical trial design before it can start, as well as supervise the ongoing clinical trial once it is approved
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B-12 is derived from diet, particularly milk, eggs, and meat
Moreover, the demographics of NIH-sponsored trials are reported in an aggregate form by NIH institutes and centers, preventing an analysis at a more granular level
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