They are most often considered as a last resort for consistent supplementation if oral methods prove ineffective at staving off deficiency
Promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and enhances mitochondrial efficiency, increasing cellular energy production and reducing oxidative stress
Clinically, however, the evidence is mixed : Vitamin B12 has a well-established role in energy metabolism, especially in deficient individuals
Certain medical conditions and medications increase B12 requirements: Long-term use of metformin (diabetes medication) or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs for acid reflux) can impair B12 absorption [13] [14] Gastrointestinal conditions such as Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or previous gastric surgery Autoimmune conditions beyond pernicious anaemia may affect B12 metabolism When to contact your GP : If you are taking B12 supplements or receiving injections but continue to experience symptoms, request a review
Supports gastrointestinal lining health
When this occurs, they may need supplements or B12 shots