In models of heart failure (HF), GLP-1 RAs have been observed to alter energy substrate utilization, alleviate myocardial and endothelial inflammation, mitigate oxidative stress, and antagonize myocardial remodeling [14]
Ardehjani NA, Agha-Hosseini M, Nashtaei MS, Khodarahmian M, Shabani M, Jabarpour M, et al
Additionally, the increase in microvascular blood flow in muscles contributes to reduced intramuscular fat accumulation and alleviation of myosteatosis, while AMPK pathway-mediated increased fat oxidation supports the mobilization of intramuscular fat, allowing for improvements in energy metabolism and reduction of fat within muscle tissue [39]
Berberine also inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), which degrades endogenous GLP-1
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