[19] Pregnant patients should use this injection only under medical supervision
is a sterile, non-pyrogenic preparation of water containing 0.9% (9mg/mL)
Hydroxocobalamin is the standard UK preparation, administered intramuscularly for conditions like pernicious anaemia and gastrointestinal malabsorption B12 acts as a cofactor in DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and nervous system function, supporting energy metabolism pathways Common side effects include injection site reactions, mild gastrointestinal upset, and temporary urine discolouration, with serious reactions being rare NHS access requires GP assessment with blood tests
Aromatic amino acids including tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine absorb UV radiation, leading to structural modifications
Gastrointestinal Conditions: Disorders like Crohn's disease, celiac disease, or atrophic gastritis can impair absorption
Park, J