Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IFN-, and some anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-10 are increased in patients with active vitiligo ( + and CD8 + T cells are present at the epidermal and dermal junctions near vitiligo lesions, and CD8 + T cells have been proven to induce melanocytes loss, underscoring the role of T cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of vitiligo ( In vitro studies have shown that epidermal vitiligo melanocytes have lower adenosine Triphopsphate (ATP), increased proton leakage, and altered expression of several glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase II, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1, and pyruvate kinase M2) compared to healthy cells
Otherwise healthy until they werent
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb39755.x 152 WynnT
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Walsh GL, Davis BM, Swisher SG , Vaporciyan AA, Smythe WR, Willis-Merriman K, Roth JA, Putnam JB Jr