Neurons, along with other high-energy-demand cells, are highly reliant on mitochondrial energy production, and inadequate ATP levels may compromise the efficiency of synaptic transmission (70), Furthermore, insufficient ATP activates a cellular stress response via the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway (71, 72), suppressing non-essential metabolic processes (73), regulating mitochondrial biogenesis, and modulating autophagy (74) to conserve energy resources
Apply 2-3 drops to face and neck
Cells were seeded into 6-well plates and cultured in complete medium
He began three days before surgery and continued every day post-operatively
Intranasal delivery of DSIP is straightforward
Refrigeration may be required, depending on the exact formulation