While all stereoisomers have equal in vitro antioxidant activity, only the forms in the R -conformation at position 2 (noted 2 R ) meet the vitamin E requirements in humans (2)
It is more stable than the reduced form and is not oxidized in the gastrointestinal tract
The heart is particularly dependent on mitochondria to produce the energy required for its contractile activity, and mitochondria represent up to 30% of the total volume of cardiomyocytes, providing 90% of the cellular ATP energy through oxidative phosphorylation
Further supporting this, Lock and colleagues demonstrated that glutathione protects against 2-chloropropionic acid (CPA)-induced cerebellar toxicity by preserving thiol redox equilibrium and potentially interacting with NMDA receptor-mediated pathways
GIP has been shown to decrease food intake while blunting the metabolic adaptive responses that usually occur with calorie restriction resulting in weight reductions, and when combined with GLP-1 receptor agonism, may result in greater effects on markers of metabolic dysregulation such as body weight, glucose and lipids
Borger et al., 2012)
