In addition to testosterone, specialists may prescribe complementary treatments such as peptide therapies, aromatase inhibitors (to manage estrogen levels), and nutritional or lifestyle guidance to support optimal results
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These drugs, beyond their specific effects, elicit also a cellular stress including an unbalance of redox state [7] that is counteracted not only utilizing antioxidant species but also increasing the outcome export by transporters to detoxify the internal environment [8], [9]
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Our finding on the higher expression of IGF-1R in photoreceptor cells is consistent with a previous study that showed IGF-1R expression is more than 100-fold higher than insulin receptors in photoreceptor cells [37]
Vallurupalli, P., Bouvignies, G