This process involves both molecular and morphological changes in the astrocytes, including increased expression of GFAP, vimentin and nestin, uptake of excitotoxic glutamate, protection from oxidative stress by the production of GSH, neuroprotection by release of adenosine, degradation of amyloid-beta peptides, facilitation of blood-brain barrier, increased formation of gap junctions between astrocytes, formation of scars and, in some cases release of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), and production of ROS [3,35,38-40]
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Here, we describe this intervention and evaluate its impacts on the prescribing of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 RAs
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That means the drug stays active in your body for days after injection