In vitro experiments further confirmed that Que significantly upregulated AMPK expression in oleic acid (OA)-stimulated hepatocytes, increased PINK1 and Parkin protein levels, and enhanced mitophagy, which subsequently inhibited NLRP3 and IL-1 expression, downregulated ROS production, and attenuated OA-induced hepatocyte injury ( In summary, enhanced mitophagy can reduce hepatic inflammation, OS, apoptosis, lipid accumulation, and steatosis, and inhibit the developmental process of MAFLD
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