Because of their glucose lowering effects, therapies that enhance incretin actions through inhibiting degradation of endogenous incretins or through activation of the GLP-1 receptor are now in use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (21, 22)
While anyone with a B12 deficiency can benefit from injections, certain groups are more likely to require this treatment, including vegetarians and vegans who may not consume enough B12-rich foods, individuals with digestive disorders like Crohns disease or coeliac disease, those with pernicious anaemia that affects B12 absorption, people recovering from weight loss surgery or other gastrointestinal procedures, older adults whose ability to absorb B12 decreases with age, and individuals experiencing prolonged fatigue or low energy levels
& Gan, W
The Proglucagon Family All three peptidesGLP-1, GLP-2, and GLP-3come from the same genetic source but are processed differently: In the pancreas: Proglucagon is processed to produce glucagon In the intestines: Proglucagon is processed to produce GLP-1, GLP-2, and other peptides In the brain: Similar processing occurs with various effects on appetite and metabolism Now, lets explore each peptide individually to understand their unique characteristics
The GLP-1 receptor agonist revolution comes to nephrology
1, 2, 3, 4 This has motivated research into lifestyle interventions and drugs for prevention and treatment of these diseases
