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Females can also be affected: those who carry two copies of the defective gene are typically deficient, and even female carriers (heterozygotes) may experience variable symptoms due to X-inactivation (lyonisation), which can result in a mixed population of red blood cells with unpredictable enzyme activity

Peptide bond hydrolysis occurs through a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of the peptide backbonea reaction catalysed by water molecules and accelerated exponentially with temperature

Bioavailability High most of the dose reaches your bloodstream, just more gradually than an IV

Asthma 32:191-197 (1995)

Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult their healthcare provider before use, as safety in these groups has not been established

PMID: 29508268